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Trained for the crisis call.
Or merely dispatched to it.

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CIT is specialized training for encounters with people in behavioral crisis: recognizing the crisis, slowing the encounter down, and connecting the person to services. The litigation question is rarely what CIT is. It is whether the officers on scene actually had it, and whether it shows up on the video.

From the Bench
U.S. District Court Western District of Washington

Never excluded. Professor Gilbertson’s testimony has not been excluded at trial in any state or federal court.

Ruling on a motion to exclude his testimony in Alvarez v. King County, No. C16-0721RAJ, 2017 WL 3189025 (W.D. Wash. July 27, 2017), Judge Richard A. Jones entered the following opinion.

“Mr. Gilbertson’s qualifications demonstrate extensive experience in policing. His expansive work as a police officer in Georgia, with assignments as a SWAT team officer, juvenile court investigator, school resource officer, stakeout squad officer, senior patrolman, and patrolman; then a career as a tenured college professor and university lecturer teaching criminal justice courses to degree-seeking students at colleges and universities, and as a licensed private investigator conducting felony pretrial investigations for attorneys in Washington State in dozens of criminal cases, makes him unique in the field of police expert witnesses. The Court finds that, based on his experience, Mr. Gilbertson’s testimony can be expected to have a reliable basis in knowledge and experience of police practices.”

The Hon. Richard A. Jones United States District Judge
The mechanism

What crisis intervention team training is.

Crisis Intervention Team training, CIT, is specialized instruction for responding to people in behavioral crisis. The model is built around recognition and de-escalation: identifying that a person is in crisis rather than simply non-compliant, using time, distance and cover to slow the encounter, communicating in ways that lower the temperature, and connecting the person to services rather than defaulting to arrest or force.

The widely used format is a 40-hour block of instruction, commonly delivered to selected officers who volunteer or are chosen for crisis response, though agencies vary in how broadly they train and how they staff crisis calls. Many pair CIT-trained officers with dispatch protocols that flag crisis calls as they come in; some add co-responder models that bring behavioral-health resources alongside police.

The word team is doing work in the name. CIT describes a coordinated response model, a working arrangement among police, dispatch and community services, not merely a course an officer sits through. In practice, the label on a training record can mean a full program with scenario work behind it, or a shortened overview block. The difference between those two is often the difference a case turns on.

CIT sits inside a wider training ecosystem: academy instruction, field training and in-service refreshers, with state POST commissions and national bodies such as IACP and PERF informing what crisis-response curricula generally cover. What a given agency actually taught, and to whom, is a records question, not an assumption.

In litigation

The four questions the record must answer.

When force is used on a person in crisis, the CIT questions are concrete and answerable from discovery. The analysis works through four of them, in order.

  • Who held the training: which responding officers had completed CIT or equivalent crisis-response instruction, and when
  • What the curriculum taught: the lesson plans, scenarios and tactics the agency actually delivered, not the course title
  • What dispatch knew: whether the call was flagged as a crisis call, and what the CAD narrative and radio traffic conveyed before arrival
  • What the video shows: whether time, distance, cover, containment and crisis communication appear in the encounter, or were abandoned as it accelerated

Training records answer the first two questions officer by officer; the explainer on what training records reveal walks through that file. The dispatch record answers the third, and it matters because the analysis is anchored to what officers knew at the time, not hindsight. The body-worn and surveillance video answers the fourth, measured against the agency’s own crisis-response and de-escalation policies and the expectations covered in what de-escalation standards require.

A gap between any two layers is the case. An agency that trained time-distance-cover and a video that shows officers closing distance and accelerating the encounter; a dispatch flag that never reached the responding officers; a CIT completion entry with no scenario training and no refresher behind it: each is a specific, documentable practices finding. This is the core of mental-health and crisis encounter casework.

Course titles are not curricula. Demand the lesson plans, the scenario list and the sign-in rosters for the specific classes the responding officers attended.

The boundary

Training and tactics, not clinical questions.

CIT analysis is a police practices analysis. It addresses what the agency trained, what the officers knew, and whether the tactics used reflected that training. It does not reach into the person’s condition. Clinical questions, including any question of diagnosis or of what a person in crisis was experiencing, belong to qualified mental-health professionals, and the report says so on the record.

That boundary is not a limitation on the opinion; it is what keeps the opinion useful. The practices record stands on training files, policy, dispatch data and video, all of it documentary, all of it independent of any clinical characterization. Where the record requires an opinion about a person’s medical or psychological state, that opinion must come from a qualified expert in that discipline, and the analysis defers to it on the record.

For counsel building or defending one of these cases, the practical takeaway is a records list: CIT rosters and completion dates for every responding officer, the curriculum and lesson plans behind the course title, the CAD printout and dispatch audio, the agency’s crisis-response and de-escalation policies, and every second of video from first contact forward. The same material drives agency training work on the prevention side.

The Case Itself

When the question becomes a retention.

This page is reference. When a live matter needs the analysis, these are the doors.

Questions

Asked alongside this one.

Do all officers receive CIT training?
No, and counsel should not assume coverage. Many agencies train selected officers and route crisis calls to them through dispatch; others train more broadly. The litigation question is specific: which of the officers who actually responded held the training, when they completed it, and whether any refresher followed. Officer-by-officer training records, not agency-level claims, answer it.
Does CIT training change how force is analyzed?
It changes the practices benchmark. Under Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989), force is judged on the facts known at the time, without hindsight. What an officer was trained to do with those facts is part of that picture: a CIT-trained officer who abandoned time, distance and cover faces a different practices comparison than one never trained in them. Legal conclusions about the force remain counsel’s.
What if dispatch never flagged the call as a crisis call?
Then the record question shifts to what the officers could observe on arrival and how the agency handles crisis identification. The analysis stays anchored to what was known at the time: the 911 audio, the CAD narrative, radio traffic and the first minutes of video. A missed flag can itself be a practices finding about dispatch protocols and training.
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